Economics

Professor Benjamin M. Friedman, Director of Undergraduate Studies

Economists believe that a wide variety of social issues can best be understood by using the tools of constrained optimization. Some applications of this technique are well known: consumers maximize welfare subject to a budget constraint, while firms maximize profits given prices and wages. Yet economists also analyze a larger set of issues within the context of incentives and maximization. Areas of research include the decision to marry, divorce, or have children; the effect of democracy and inequality on economic outcomes; the importance of self-control in saving for the future; the role of incentives in fostering economic growth and development; and the effects of potential education reforms. The Economics Department aims to bring its concentrators to a point where they can use their understanding of maximization and incentives to think about a large number of important social phenomena that are crucial for the well-being of society.

Students concentrating in economics begin, ordinarily, in their freshman year, with Social Analysis 10, the full-year introductory course in economics. Because marginal conditions hold a central place among economists' analytical tools, prospective economics concentrators who have not already covered the material in high school must also enroll in the first term of calculus, a prerequisite for the next level of required courses. Although math beyond the level of first-term calculus is not required for the concentration, students who have already covered this material may choose to continue their study of mathematics in order to prepare for courses that assume familiarity with more advanced topics in mathematics or for graduate study in economics.

Concentrators ordinarily take four or five half-courses in Economics in their sophomore year. (Freshmen arriving with AP scores in economics and calculus may begin taking these courses.) Two half-courses make up the intermediate theory sequence: one of 1010a or 1011a, Microeconomic Theory, and one of 1010b or 1011b, Macroeconomic Theory. These courses teach the analytical tools that economists use. The 1011 sequence assumes a more advanced background in mathematics than the 1010 sequence. Sophomores also take an introduction to statistics: the ability to interpret quantitative data and to understand statistical arguments is essential to understanding the economy. The fourth half-course taken in the sophomore year is Economics 970, the spring term sophomore tutorial taught in small groups of about eight students. The sophomore tutorial is an intensive experience aimed at helping concentrators develop the ability to present economic arguments both orally and in writing. Because the Economics Department has a very large number of concentrators, even upper-level courses can be large in size; thus the tutorial provides a key opportunity for small-group "active learning." Finally, some students choose to fulfill the econometrics requirement (Economics 1123 or 1126) in the sophomore year, although many students wait until the junior year.

Beyond these foundational courses, all concentrators are required to take at least three additional half-courses in Economics. Honors candidates can choose either to write a senior thesis or to take advanced coursework beyond these three half-courses. These additional courses must be chosen to build on the intermediate theory courses, and to further develop the student's writing skills and skills in statistical and quantitative analysis. The specific requirements are listed below. In 2006-2007, the Economics concentration will begin a pilot program of faculty-led junior seminars on a variety of topics; these seminars, limited to 16 students, are designed to introduce students to research in a particular area of economics and to prepare students to undertake their own research project. Students should work with faculty members and advisers to design a program that best helps them fulfill concentration requirements while furthering their own educational goals and interests.

In recent years, approximately thirty percent of Economics concentrators have chosen to write a senior thesis. Senior thesis topics usually spring from a question of interest first raised in a field course. Students are therefore strongly advised to take courses before their senior year in areas in which they might want to write their theses. Many theses have subsequently been published in some form. The Economics Department encourages all students to think seriously about writing a thesis, as the thesis experience can be a useful capstone to four years of study. However, concentrators may still be recommended for Honors in Economics (as opposed to High Honors or Highest Honors) without writing a thesis by participating in the concentration's Advanced Course Track.

Undergraduates are welcome in graduate courses and often do well in them. Because coverage of the professional literature is a primary objective of such courses, they are, as a rule, very demanding and time-consuming for undergraduates.

A more complete description of the Economics Department and its requirements can be found in the handbook, Undergraduate Economics at Harvard: A Guide for Concentrators, available on our website: www.economics.harvard.edu/undergraduate/.

REQUIREMENTS

Students in classes prior to the Class of 2007 should consult the requirements listed in the Handbook for Students, 2002-2003.

Basic Requirements: 13 half-courses

1. Mathematical preparation: Mathematics 1a or equivalent. Students who have not taken Mathematics 1a or received placement by the Mathematics Department beyond 1a should consult the Economics Undergraduate Office. Students who wish to take Economics 1011a or 1011b are advised to take Mathematics 20 or 21a.
2. Required courses:
1. Social Analysis 10.
2. Economics 970.
3. Statistics 100, 104, or 110.
4. Economics 1010a or 1011a.
5. Economics 1010b or 1011b.
6. Economics 1123 or 1126.
7. Three additional half-courses in Economics that include:
1. one half-course that satisfies the writing requirement (see item 6a).
2. one half-course that has Economics 1010a, 1010b, 1011a, or 1011b as a prerequisite.
   
   There are many courses that satisfy both of these requirements simultaneously.
   
   
8. Three half-courses in related fields chosen from at least two of the related fields listed in item 6b. Exceptions are granted on a case-by-case basis by the Director of Undergraduate Studies.
3. Tutorials (All letter-graded):
1. Sophomore Tutorial: Economics 970 (one term) required.
2. Theory Review: Economics 975 (one term) is offered for students who need additional preparation on material in the intermediate theory courses (items 2d and 2e). It is required of students who receive less than a B-/C+ average (that is, a 2.5 grade point average) for the two intermediate theory courses combined. This tutorial will not count toward the three half-courses required in item 2g.
3. Junior Seminar: Economics 980 (one term) optional. Beginning in fall 2006, a pilot program of junior seminars will begin. The seminars are limited to 16 students, with preference given to economics and applied math/economics track concentrators in their junior year. The seminars will count toward the three half-courses required in item 2g and will satisfy both the writing and the theory prerequisite requirement.
4. Thesis: None.
5. General Examination: None.
6. Other information:
1. Writing Requirement: A list of courses that satisfy the writing requirement is available from the Undergraduate Office, or at www.economics.harvard.edu/undergraduate/.
2. Related fields: All applied mathematics, government, history, mathematics, social studies, sociology, and statistics courses; computer science courses in programming, but not in hardware; social science courses offered by other departments and committees (see Economics Department list); Core Curriculum courses in the social sciences (see Economics Department list).
3. Pass/Fail: Concentrators may take one full or two half-courses Pass/Fail, except for those courses used to fulfill items 2a-f of the required courses and for tutorials.

Requirements for Honors Eligibility: 15 half-courses

1. Mathematical preparation: Same as Basic Requirements.
2. Required courses:

   	a-h.	Same as Basic Requirements.
   	i.	Either Economics 985 (two terms) or 990 (two terms) and completion of a thesis; or the "Advanced Course Track" (2 half-courses). See item 6d.

3. Tutorials (All letter-graded):

	a-c.	Same as Basic Requirements.
	d.	Senior year: Students who elect to write a thesis enroll in Economics 985 (two terms) or Economics 990 (two terms). Economics 990 is usually reserved for students who are completing their theses in the fall term.

4. Thesis: Required for a recommendation for High or Highest Honors in Field. See item 6d.
5. General Examination: In the spring term of their senior year, all honors candidates write a general examination covering microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics.
6. Other information:

	a-c.	Same as Basic Requirements.
	d.	In order to be considered for a High or Highest Honors recommendation in Economics, a student must complete a thesis. In order to be considered for an Honors recommendation in Economics, a student has two options: i.     Successful completion of a thesis: Thesis writers receive credit for two terms of Economics 985 or 990. ii.    Completion of the "Advanced Course Track:" Two additional half-courses in Economics, beyond the three half-courses that are required under item 2g. Within this total of five half-courses, the student must satisfy the requirements of item 2g plus an additional half-course that has Economics 1010a, 1010b, 1011a, or 1011b as a prerequisite and an additional half-course that satisfies the writing requirement.
	e.	A document explaining how the Department of Economics calculates honors recommendations is available from the Undergraduate Office.

Joint Requirements: 16 half-courses

1. Mathematical preparation: Same as Basic Requirements.
2. Required courses:

	a-g.	Same as Basic Requirements.
	h.	A minimum of four half-courses in the other field. (Note that the other field may require more than four half-courses.)
	i.	Economics 985 (two terms) or Economics 990 (two terms) and completion of a thesis.

3. Tutorials: Same as Requirements for Honors Eligibility.
4. Thesis: Required. The thesis is written in the Economics Department, but the student should seek out advice (and ideally an adviser) from the other field as well. One of the thesis readers is from the other field.
5. General Examination: In the spring term of their senior year, joint concentrators write a general examination covering microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics.
6. Other information:

	a-c.	Same as Basic Requirements.
	d.	Honors recommendation: The Economics Department's recommendation of the degree of honors for joint concentrators will take into account the opinion of the other field.
	e.	When Economics is not the primary field, Social Analysis 10 plus four additional half-courses in Economics, including at least one intermediate theory course (1010a/b, 1011a/b), are required. Joint concentrators with Economics must take the microeconomics, macroeconomics, or econometrics portion of the Economics Honors General Examination. Approval of the Director of Undergraduate Studies and successful completion of the senior thesis are also required of joint concentrators when Economics is not the primary field.
	f.	In recent years, joint concentrations have been offered with African and African American Studies, East Asian Studies, Environmental Science and Public Policy, Government, History, Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, and Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality.

ADVISING

All students interested in economics (freshmen, economics concentrators, and concentrators in other fields) are encouraged to come to the Economics Undergraduate Office, located on the first floor of Littauer Center, for information and advice about economics courses and the Economics concentration. The office is headed by two faculty members-the Director and the Assistant Director of Undergraduate Studies-and by Debbie Whitney, the Undergraduate Program Administrator. Concentration advisers are available at the Undergraduate Office on a walk-in basis, from 10 am to 4 pm, Monday through Friday. The advisers are graduate students in the Economics Department who have been trained to respond to the questions and concerns of undergraduate concentrators. They can sign plans of study, study cards, add/drop forms, and so on. More importantly, they can explain department requirements, discuss students' academic interests, offer advice on course choices, and discuss future plans, such as graduate or professional school.

Each concentrator has an assigned adviser who is affiliated, as a resident or non-resident tutor, with the concentrator's house. Students will hear from their concentration adviser periodically, to inform them of office hours, important deadlines, meetings, and requirements. Students may, at any time, contact their concentration adviser for help or for information. While students have assigned concentration advisers, they are welcome to seek advice from any of the advisers who staff the walk-in advising hours at the Economics Undergraduate Office.

RESOURCES

1. Harvard Institute for Economic Research: www.economics.harvard.edu/hier/.
2. Littauer Library

STUDY ABROAD

The Economics Department encourages study abroad for a term or an academic year, especially for students considering thesis research related to that country. It is generally best for students wishing to study abroad to go during their junior year, although students may postpone Economics 970 (Sophomore Tutorial) if they choose to go during their sophomore spring.

After choosing a university and obtaining College approval for planned courses from the Office of International Programs, the student should make an appointment with the Economics Study Abroad Adviser and bring course syllabi to the meeting. The adviser will grant credit toward fulfilling Economics concentration requirements for appropriate courses (although some students choose not to fulfill Economics concentration requirements while abroad). To count for concentration credit, a course must be primarily economic in content and methodology and roughly equivalent in difficulty to a Harvard Economics Department course. Courses with an intermediate theory prerequisite may count toward the theory prerequisite requirement. Students who write a paper longer than 15 pages for a course should submit the graded paper to the Economics Study Abroad Adviser, who may grant writing requirement credit for the course if they paper has substantial economic content. The Economics Department is flexible in granting related field credit for courses taken abroad.

HOW TO FIND OUT MORE

Additional information is available from the Economics Undergraduate Office in Littauer Center. Office hours are Monday through Friday 10 am - 4 pm. The Undergraduate Program Administrator can be reached at 617-495-3247. The concentration advisers are available at 617495-3290. A more complete description of the Economics Department and its requirements can be found in the handbook, Undergraduate Economics at Harvard: A Guide for Concentrators, available on our website: www.economics.harvard.edu/undergraduate/.

ENROLLMENT STATISTICS

Number of Concentrators as of November

Concentrators	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005
Economics	624	666	643	686	686
Economics + another field	23	21	30	39	40
Another field + Economics	23	24	35	33	38