Classical Studies 97b (formerly *Classics 97b). Roman Culture and Civilization
Catalog Number: 4090
Kathleen M. Coleman
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
A chronological survey of Roman history from the beginnings to Constantine will be combined with exploration of key features of Roman culture, including housing, education, slavery, the role of women, etc. Attention will also be paid to the tools and methods available for research on ancient Rome.
Note: Concentrators are required to take either one or two semesters of Classical Studies 97, depending on their concentration track.
Classical Studies 154. The Ancient Novel - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 7862
David F. Elmer
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 15
The ancient novels, with their sensational tales of kidnappings, battles, human sacrifice, and above all romance, were immensely popular in antiquity and exercised a strong influence on the early development of the modern novel. We will explore the conventions and contexts of this rich tradition by reading the five surviving Greek novels, the Golden Ass of the Romanized African Apuleius, and selected Near Eastern texts.
Note: Non-concentrators are welcome.
Classical Studies 165. Ancient Medicine - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 2851
Mark Schiefsky
Half course (fall term). W., 24. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Theories and practices of health and healing in the ancient Greco-Roman world, with special emphasis on the relationship of learned medicine to philosophy and other healing traditions.
*Classics 99. Tutorial Senior Year
Catalog Number: 2350
Mark Schiefsky
Full course. Hours to be arranged.
Tutorial instruction for course credit (in addition to ordinary tutorial instruction) is open only to candidates for honors writing a thesis in their senior year whose applications for such instruction have been approved by the Director of Undergraduate Studies.
Note: May be counted for concentration. Divisible only with permission of the Director of Undergraduate Studies.
*Classics 301. Reading or Topics Course
Catalog Number: 3457
Kathleen M. Coleman 2289, Emma Dench 5243, John Duffy 1352, Albert Henrichs 4085 (on leave spring term), Christopher P. Jones 3204, Christopher B. Krebs 4877 (on leave fall term), David G. Mitten 1290 (on leave spring term), Gregory Nagy 1423, Jeremy Rau 4657 (on leave 2008-09), Betsey A. Robinson 4361, Panagiotis Roilos 1982 (on leave 2008-09), Mark Schiefsky 2354, Francesca Schironi 4878 (on leave spring term), Gisela Striker 2271, R. J. Tarrant 7503 (on leave spring term), Richard F. Thomas 1630, Benjamin Tipping 4875, and Jan Ziolkowski 7275
Note: For graduate students whose individual needs are not met by the formal courses offered.
*Classics 302. Special Examinations Direction
Catalog Number: 2686
Kathleen M. Coleman 2289, Emma Dench 5243, John Duffy 1352, David F. Elmer 5574, Albert Henrichs 4085 (on leave spring term), Christopher P. Jones 3204, Christopher B. Krebs 4877 (on leave fall term), Nino Luraghi 2408, David G. Mitten 1290 (on leave spring term), Gregory Nagy 1423, Jeremy Rau 4657 (on leave 2008-09), Betsey A. Robinson 4361, Panagiotis Roilos 1982 (on leave 2008-09), Mark Schiefsky 2354, Francesca Schironi 4878 (on leave spring term), Gisela Striker 2271, R. J. Tarrant 7503, Richard F. Thomas 1630, Benjamin Tipping 4875, and Jan Ziolkowski 7275
*Classics 350. Classical Philology: Proseminar
Catalog Number: 4026
Richard F. Thomas 1630
Half course (fall term). M., 24.
Designed to introduce graduate students in Classical Philology to the essential fields, tools, and methodologies of the discipline.
Note: For first-year students working toward the PhD in Classical Philology. Open to other students by permission of instructor.
Greek Aab. Beginning Greek (Intensive)
Catalog Number: 0714
Ivy Livingston and assistants
Full course (spring term). M. through F., at 9, M., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 2, 11
For students with little or no previous instruction in Greek who are seriously interested in making very rapid progress. All basic grammar of the normal first-year sequence (Greek Aa and Ab) and practice in reading prose. Students are prepared for Greek Ba or Bb.
Note: No auditors. May be taken Pass/Fail. Students with more than one year of formal instruction should take the placement test in September and consult with the Course Head before enrolling.
Greek Ab (formerly Greek B). Beginning Greek
Catalog Number: 0457
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (spring term). Section I: M.,W.,Th.,F. at 9; and Section II: M.,W.,Th.,F. at 11. EXAM GROUP: 2, 11
Continuation of Greek Aa. Completion of basic grammar and reading of longer passages.
Note: No auditors. May be taken pass/fail.
Prerequisite: Greek Aa or equivalent.
Greek Ac. Review and Reading
Catalog Number: 8283
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (fall term). M., W.,Th., F. at 9. EXAM GROUP: 2, 11
For students with more than one year of formal training in Greek who do not place into Greek Ba. The course will combine a review of morphology and syntax with readings from prose authors. Students are prepared for Greek Bb or Ba.
Note: No auditors. May be taken Pass/Fail.
Greek Ba (formerly Greek 3). Introduction to Attic Prose
Catalog Number: 4696
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
A bridge between the study of Greek grammar and the reading of prose authors; intended to develop reading and translation skills and introduce prose styles.
Prerequisite: Greek Ab, Aab, Ac, or equivalent.
Greek Bb (formerly Greek 4). Selections from Homers Iliad
Catalog Number: 3361
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 9. EXAM GROUP: 2
An introduction to Homeric poetry: language, meter, formulae, and type scenes.
Prerequisite: Greek Ab, Aab, Ac, or equivalent.
Greek Bbm. Introduction to Late Antique and Mediaeval/Byzantine Poetry
Catalog Number: 9131
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Greek poetry from Late Antiquity to Byzantium. Readings will correspond to interests of participants. Review of grammar, syntax, and linguistic developments in post-classical Greek.
Prerequisite: Greek Ba, Ac, or permission of the instructor.
[*Greek 98r (formerly *Classics 98r). Junior Research Seminar]
Catalog Number: 6100
Mark Schiefsky and assistants
Half course (spring term). Th., 14.
By fostering original research and writing, this course provides advanced undergraduates with an introduction to research tools and methods. Coursework focuses on student presentations, analysis of ancient texts and discussion of critical problems. Highly recommended for students considering writing a Senior Thesis.
Note: Expected to be given in 200910. Open to all qualified students, regardless of year.
Greek K. Advanced Greek Prose Composition
Catalog Number: 4171
Gregory Nagy
Half course (spring term). M., 24. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Composition in the prose style of various authors and genres, with selected readings representing the development of Greek prose and its analysis by scholars, ancient and modern.
Prerequisite: Greek H or equivalent.
Greek 104. Herodotus
Catalog Number: 6340
Christopher B. Krebs
Half course (spring term). M., W., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
An introduction to Herodotus dialect and style, concept of history, authorial voice and narrative strategies, and his representation of non-Greek cultures. We will read sections (incl. those on the reading list) in Greek and all of the Histories in English.
Greek 106. Greek Tragedy
Catalog Number: 6274
Albert Henrichs
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 13
The generic conventions of Attic tragedy, with particular attention to the role of gods and rituals, Greek versus non-Greek ethnicities, and the dramatic effects of deceit and illusion. Close readings from Euripides Helen and Bakkhai.
Greek 107. Thucydides
Catalog Number: 8281
Aldo Corcella (University of Basilicata, Potenza)
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 15
An introduction, combining detailed study of Thucydides style and composition with attention to his historical and political thinking, in the context of 5th-century debates. The entire Histories to be read in English; selections in Greek from the prefatory material (the Archaeology), from Book II, and from the narrative of the Sicilian disaster.
Greek 110r. Plato, Gorgias
Catalog Number: 6229
Gisela Striker
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 5
A close reading of one of Platos most influential dialogues.
Greek 112a. History of Greek Literature I
Catalog Number: 3052
Francesca Schironi and assistant
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 9. EXAM GROUP: 2
Introduction to the literature of Archaic and early Classical Greece in its social and poetic context. Readings from Homer, Hesiod, lyric poets, and Aeschylus, with particular attention to language, genres and their conventions, performance, imagery, and myth.
Note: Classics concentrators are strongly encouraged to take this course.
Greek 112b. History of Greek Literature II
Catalog Number: 6889
David F. Elmer and assistant
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
A survey of Greek literature of the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Readings from Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, Apollonius, Rhodius, Theocritus, and Callimachus, with discussion of social context and literary history.
Note: Classics concentrators are strongly encouraged to take this course.
Greek 115. Homer: The Odyssey
Catalog Number: 3036
Dimitrios Yatromanolakis
Half course (fall term). M., W., at 2. EXAM GROUP: 7
Reading of several books of the Odyssey. Topics to be explored include: dialect and formulaic language, Homeric societies and religion, oral tradition, archaic epic as genre, archaic and clasical reception of Homer, and Homeric epics and early Greek art.
Greek 116r. Greek Lyric Poetry
Catalog Number: 4575
David F. Elmer
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 12
Selections from elegiac, iambic, and lyric poets with attention to issues of performance, social and political context, genre, and poetic technique.
[Greek 134. The Language of Homer]
Catalog Number: 5139
Jeremy Rau
Half course (fall term). M., W., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Essentials of Greek comparative and historical grammar, and a close reading of Iliad 1 and 3. Diachronic aspects of Homeric grammar and diction.
Note: Expected to be given in 200910.
Latin Aab. Beginning Latin (Intensive)
Catalog Number: 7111
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Full course (fall term). M., through F., at 10, M., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 3, 12
For students with little or no previous instruction in Latin who are seriously interested in making very rapid progress. All basic grammar of the normal first-year sequence (Latin Aa and Ab) and practice in reading prose. Students are prepared for Latin Ba, Bb, Bam, or Bbm.
Note: No auditors. May be taken pass/fail. Students with more than one year of formal instruction should take the Placement test in September or January and consult with the Course Head before enrolling.
Latin Ab (formerly Latin B). Beginning Latin
Catalog Number: 2101
Ivy Livingston and assistants
Half course (spring term). Section I: M., W., Th., F., at 9; Section II: M., W., Th., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 2, 11
Continuation of Latin Aa. Completion of basic grammar and reading of longer passages.
Note: No auditors. May be taken Pass/Fail.
Prerequisite: Latin Aa or equivalent.
Latin Ac. Review and Reading
Catalog Number: 7033
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (fall term). M., W., Th., F. at 9. EXAM GROUP: 2, 11
For students with more than one year of formal training in Latin who do not place into Latin Ba. The course will combine a review of morphology and syntax with readings from prose authors. Students are prepared for Latin Ba or Bb.
Note: No auditors. May be taken Pass/Fail.
Latin Ba (formerly Latin 3). Latin Prose Selections (Classical)
Catalog Number: 2344
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
A bridge between the study of Latin grammar and the reading of prose authors; intended to develop reading and translation skills and introduce prose styles. The readings are short selections from a variety of genres by authors such as Cicero, Pliny, Nepos, Sallust, and Petronius.
Note: Latin Ba and Bam are entended to be equivalent in difficulty and require identical background (Latin Aa and Ab, Latin Aab, or the equivalent). Students may take either Ba or Bam for degree credit; they are not allowed to take both courses simultaneously or consecutively.
Prerequisite: Latin Ab, Aab, Ac, or equivalent.
Latin Bam (formerly Latin 3m). Latin Prose Selections (Late Antique and Medieval)
Catalog Number: 7123
Jan Ziolkowski and assistant
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 9. EXAM GROUP: 2
Begins with a review of fundamentals. Aims at increased facility in reading Latin, through a study of selected post-classical prose texts and authors such as the Vulgate Bible, Augustine, and Abelard.
Note: Latin Ba and Latin Bam are intended to be equivalent in difficulty and to require identical background (Latin Aa and Ab, Latin Aab, or the equivalent). Students may take either Ba or Bam for degree credit; they are not allowed to take both courses simultaneously or consecutively.
Prerequisite: Latin Ab, Aab, Ac, or equivalent.
Latin Bb (formerly Latin 4). Introduction to Latin Poetry (Classical)
Catalog Number: 2488
Ivy Livingston and assistant
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Reading of selections of Latin poetry and introduction to meter.
Note: Latin Bb and Latin Bbm are intended to be equivalent in difficulty and to require identical background (Latin Ab, Aab, or Ac, or the equivalent). Students may take either Bb or Bbm for degree credit; they are not allowed to take both courses simultaneously or consecutively.
Prerequisite: Latin Ab, Aab, Ac, or equivalent.
Latin Bbm (formerly Latin 4m). Introduction to Latin Poetry (Late Antique and Medieval)
Catalog Number: 2096
Jan Ziolkowski and assistant
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Selections from epic and lyric.
Note: Latin Bb and Latin Bbm are intended to be equivalent in difficulty and to require identical background (Latin Ba, Latin Bam, or the equivalent). Students may take either Bb or Bbm for degree credit; they are not allowed to take both courses simultaneously or consecutively.
Prerequisite: Latin Ab, Aab, Ac, or equivalent.
[Latin 98r (formerly Classics 98r). Junior Research Seminar]
Catalog Number: 2124
Mark Schiefsky and assistants
Half course (fall term). Tu., 14. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16, 17
By fostering original research and writing, this course provides advanced undergraduates with an introduction to research tools and methods. Coursework focuses on student presentations, analysis of ancient texts and discussion of critical problems. Highly recommended for students considering writing a Senior Thesis.
Note: Expected to be given in 200910. Open to all qualified students, regardless of year.
[Latin K. Advanced Latin Prose Composition]
Catalog Number: 5018
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Half course (spring term). W., 46.
Exercise in the prose style of different authors and periods, working within various subject-areas and genres. As a guide to composition, we will read and analyze illustrative passages from major authors, including Cato, Cicero, Sallust, Livy, Seneca, and Tacitus, as well as some distinctive styles in lesser-known authors; we will also consult discussions of rhetoric and prose style by theorists such as Cicero, Seneca, and Quintilian.
Note: Expected to be given in 200910.
Latin 104. Ovids Metamorphoses
Catalog Number: 5189
R. J. Tarrant
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Ovids witty, exuberant, and learned epic of change and mortality encompasses the history of the world from its creation to the apotheosis of Julius Caesar. This course examines the works shaping of narrative and myth, its generic multiformity (embracing tragic, elegiac, comic, and pastoral motifs, as well as epic), and its equally complex vision of human existence.
Latin 106a. Virgil: Eclogues and Georgics
Catalog Number: 1456
Richard F. Thomas
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 15
This course focuses on Virgils Eclogues and Georgics. We aim to read and interpret those texts, and to place them in literary and historical context.
Latin 110. Neronian Literature
Catalog Number: 8353
Benjamin Tipping
Half course (spring term). M., W., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 6
Course focuses on literature of the reign of Nero (emperor 54-68 CE). We aim to read and interpret texts by the Younger Seneca, Lucan, and Petronius, and to place them in literary and historical context.
Latin 112a. History of Latin Literature I
Catalog Number: 7099
R. J. Tarrant and assistant
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 11.
The literature of the Republic and early Augustan period. Reading of extensive selections from the major authors, with lectures and discussion on the evolution and development of Latin prose and poetry. The course focuses on a variety of issues: Latin individuality through manipulation of inherited Greek forms, metrical and stylistic developments, evolving poetics, intertextuality and genre renewal, dynamic effects of social and political contexts.
Note: Classics concentrators are strongly encouraged to take this course.
Latin 112b. History of Latin Literature II
Catalog Number: 7643
Benjamin Tipping and assistant
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Readings from the literature of the early Empire, with an emphasis upon genre, style, and social/historical context.
Note: Classics concentrators are strongly encouraged to take this course.
Latin 117. Livy
Catalog Number: 1279
Emma Dench
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 14
An introduction to Livys style and historical methods, with attention to Livys place in the tradition of Roman historiography. Readings mainly from the narrative of early Rome.
Latin 122. Horace Odes
Catalog Number: 2163
Benjamin Tipping
Half course (fall term). M., W., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 5
A study of Lyric as a mode of poetic, political, and personal expression in Horaces Odes.
[Latin 134. Archaic Latin]
Catalog Number: 1327
Jeremy Rau
Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Essentials of Latin comparative and historical grammar, with readings of early Latin inscriptions, legal texts, and selections from Livius Andronicus, Plautus, Ennius, and Cato.
Note: Expected to be given in 200910.
Latin 138. Cicero - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 8722
Emma Dench
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., at 12. EXAM GROUP: 14
A close reading in Latin of Ciceros Pro Caelio and Second Philippic, with a focus on rhetorical and historical issues.
Classical Philology 239. Roman Epic on Rome - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 0812
Benjamin Tipping
Half course (fall term). M., 46. EXAM GROUP: 9
A study of post-Virgilian Roman epic, with specific reference to the heroes, villians, poetics, and politics of Lucans De bello civili and Silius Italicus Punica.
Classical Philology 240. Aristotle, Parva Naturalia - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 1144
Gisela Striker
Half course (fall term). W., 24. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
A look at four short treatises that show Aristotle as both a natural scientist and a psychologist in the modern sense: On memory, on sleep and waking, on dreams, and on divination from dreams.
Classical Philology 241. Missing Pages: The Modern Rediscovery of the Greek Novel - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 1505
Albert Henrichs
Half course (fall term). W., 46. EXAM GROUP: 9
How the papyrus finds of the past 120 years have redefined Greek erotic prose fiction and narrowed the gap between the Greek novels and their Latin counterparts.
Classical Philology 243. The Odyssey in the Iliad - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 6153
David F. Elmer
Half course (spring term). Th., 24. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Exploration of issues in Homeric interpretation through study of Iliad Book 10, often considered an intrusion into the poem. Topics: the relation between the Iliad and the Odyssey, non-Homeric traditions, traditional referentiality, etc.
Classical Philology 244 (formerly Classics 244). Greek Epigraphy
Catalog Number: 1773
Christopher P. Jones
Half course (fall term). Th., 24. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
The course studies Greek inscriptions, how to read and use them, and what they contribute to the understanding of language, history, and literature. Emphasis will be placed on texts of the Hellenistic period from the eastern Mediterranean to ancient India.
Classical Philology 245. Archaic and Classical Greek Melic Poetry - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 1407
Dimitrios Yatromanolakis
Half course (spring term). Tu., 13. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
Explores the social and performative contexts, genres, and transmission of melic poetry from Alcman to Timotheus, with a focus on papyrus fragments.
Classical Philology 246. The Persian Wars - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 1670
Aldo Corcella (University of Basilicata, Potenza)
Half course (fall term). Tu., 24. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
A reading of Herodotus narrative of the Persian wars, in comparison to other sources. Topics of special interest will include Persian "imperialism" and the problem of "Medizing" Greeks.
Classical Archaeology 155. Portraiture in the Ancient World
Catalog Number: 5984
Hallie Malcolm Franks
Half course (spring term). M., 13. EXAM GROUP: 6, 7
Investigates the role and development of portraiture in Greek and Roman art through archaeological and literary evidence. Focusing on definitions of portraiture, the emergence of true portraiture, and the contexts in which portraits appear, we will address questions of patronage and reception, and the use of portraiture in shaping personal, political, and cultural identities.
Classical Archaeology 161. Arts of the Eurasian Steppes and their European Successors - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 2452
David G. Mitten
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., at 1. EXAM GROUP: 15
Arts of the Eurasian nomads, from prehistory through Scythians, Sarmatians and related peoples. Greek-Scythian interactions. Animal style arts of the Early Medieval Migration Period: Visigoths, Avars, Anglo-Saxons, Irish Celts and Vikings
Medieval Greek 125. Byzantine Religious Tales
Catalog Number: 3317
John Duffy
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 12
Reading a selection from the corpus of Byzantine religious tales and legends, including some that went on to have fruitful careers in Medieval Latin and other languages. Examples: The Jewish Boy Legend; The Sinners Vision; The Drunken Nun; Boys Celebrating the Eucharist; The Heretical Businessman.
Medieval Latin 120. Wisdom and Learning
Catalog Number: 4019
Jan Ziolkowski
Half course (fall term). Tu., 24. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Examines literature in which earthly wisdom and book learning are contrasted or conflated. Explores interaction among biblical, classical, and native (especially Germanic and Celtic) traditions of wisdom. Works include Solomon and Marcolf, mirrors for princes, proverbs, and question-and-answer dialogues.
Note: No prior experience with Medieval Latin necessary.
Modern Greek B. Intermediate Modern Greek: Language and Civilization
Catalog Number: 8187
Vassiliki Rapti
Full course. M., W., F., at 11. EXAM GROUP: 4
Aims at further development of skills in speaking, comprehension, reading, and writing. Selected readings in prose (literary and journalistic), poetry, folksongs, modern music, and theater serve as an introduction to aspects of modern Greek literature and culture. The second term is conducted in Greek and focuses on topics selected by the instructor and the students in the first term. Grammar is reviewed in the context of readings.
Prerequisite: An elementary knowledge of modern Greek (equivalent to that of Modern Greek A).
*Modern Greek 100. Advanced Modern Greek: Introduction to Modern Greek Literature
Catalog Number: 8487
Dimitrios Yatromanolakis
Half course (spring term). W., 24. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Literary, sociocultural, and linguistic analysis of selected readings in prose, poetry, orally transmitted songs and folktales.
Note: Conducted in Greek.
Prerequisite: Modern Greek B or equivalent and permission of instructor.
[Modern Greek 145 (formerly Comparative Literature 145). Dreams and Literature]
Catalog Number: 8412
Panagiotis Roilos
Half course (fall term). Tu., 13.
Against the dual background of ancient and medieval commentaries on the one hand, and modern psychoanalytic and ethnographic studies on the other, diverse literary texts will be explored. The major focus will be on Greek literature, but examples from other European literatures will also be considered (including film). Major topics: typology of dreams; dreams as narratives; dreaming and writing; religious dimensions. Theoretical readings to include: Aristotle, Aelius Aristides, Artemidorus, Synesius of Cyrene; Freud, Jung, Levi-Strauss, Foucault, Lyotard.
Note: Expected to be given in 200910. Students who have previously taken Comparative Literature 145, Dreams and Literature, may not take this course for credit.
Modern Greek 206. Reception as Cultural Politics: Classical Tradition in Modern Greek Contexts - (New Course)
Catalog Number: 4112
Dimitrios Yatromanolakis
Half course (fall term). Tu., 13. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
Examines the complex ways in which ancient Greek socio-aesthetic cultures are reconstructed and reworked in 19th- and 20th-century Greek and other European traditions, with special emphasis on Greek modernism, avant-garde, and post-modernism.