Economics

Faculty of the Department of Economics

Alberto F. Alesina, Nathaniel Ropes Professor of Political Economy (Chair)
Philippe Aghion, Professor of Economics, Robert C. Waggoner Professor of Economics
Attila Ambrus, Assistant Professor of Economics
Pol Antràs, Assistant Professor of Economics
Beatriz Armendariz, Lecturer on Economics
Robert J. Barro, Robert C. Waggoner Professor of Economics
Susanto Basu, Visiting Professor of Economics (University of Michigan)
Laurent E. Calvet, John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences (on leave 2004-05)
John Y. Campbell, Otto Eckstein Professor of Applied Economics
Francesco Caselli, Paul Sack Associate Professor of Political Economy (on leave fall term)
Domingo F. Cavallo, Robert F. Kennedy Visiting Professor of Latin American Studies
Gary Chamberlain, Louis Berkman Professor of Economics (Director of Graduate Studies) (on leave 2004-05)
Richard N. Cooper, Maurits C. Boas Professor of International Economics (on leave spring term)
David M. Cutler, Professor of Economics
Martin Feldstein, George F. Baker Professor of Economics
Richard B. Freeman, Herbert S. Ascherman Professor of Economics
Benjamin M. Friedman, William Joseph Maier Professor of Political Economy, Associate of Dunster House (Director of Undergraduate Studies) (on leave spring term)
Drew Fudenberg, Frederic E. Abbe Professor of Economics (on leave 2003-04)
Edward L. Glaeser, Professor of Economics
Claudia Goldin, Henry Lee Professor of Economics
Jerry R. Green, John Leverett Professor and David A. Wells Professor of Political Economy
Oliver S. Hart, Andrew E. Furer Professor of Economics (on leave 2003-04)
Elhanan Helpman, Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade (on leave spring term)
Ali Hortacsu, Visiting Assistant Professor of Economics (University of Chicago) (fall term only)
Caroline M. Hoxby, Professor of Economics
Dale W. Jorgenson, Samuel W. Morris University Professor (on leave fall term)
Lawrence F. Katz, Elisabeth Allison Professor of Economics
Michael Robert Kremer, Gates Professor of Developing Societies
David I. Laibson, Professor of Economics
Judith Li, Assistant Professor of Economics
N. Gregory Mankiw, Allie S. Freed Professor of Economics (on leave 2004-05)
Stephen A. Marglin, Walter S. Barker Professor of Economics
Robert Margo, Visiting Professor of Economics (Vanderbilt University) (fall term only)
James L. Medoff, Meyer Kestenbaum Professor of Labor and Industry (FAS and Kennedy School)
Marc J. Melitz, Assistant Professor of Economics
Markus M. Möbius, Assistant Professor of Economics
Randall Morck, Visiting Professor of Economics (University of Alberta) (spring term only)
Marcelo J. Moreira, Assistant Professor of Economics
Julie H. Mortimer, Assistant Professor of Economics (on leave fall term)
Stefan Nagel, Lecturer on Economics
Ariel Pakes, Professor of Economics
Dwight H. Perkins, Harold Hitchings Burbank Professor of Political Economy (on leave fall term)
Jack R. Porter, Associate Professor of Economics
Kenneth Rogoff, Professor of Economics, Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Public Policy
Alvin E. Roth, George Gund Professor of Economics and Business Administration (FAS, Business School) (on leave spring term)
Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Visiting Professor of Economics (Columbia University) (fall term only)
Michael A. Schwarz, Assistant Professor of Economics (on leave 2003-04)
Amartya Sen, Lamont University Professor
Andrei Shleifer, Whipple V. N. Jones Professor of Economics
Jeremy C. Stein, Professor of Economics (on leave 2003-04)
James H. Stock, Professor of Economics
Lawrence H. Summers, Professor of Economics and President of Harvard University
Samuel B. Thompson, Assistant Professor of Economics
Tuomo O. Vuolteenaho, Assistant Professor of Economics
Martin L. Weitzman, Ernest E. Monrad Professor of Economics
Jeffrey G. Williamson, Laird Bell Professor of Economics (on leave 2003-04)
Jeffrey Wolcowitz, Senior Lecturer on Economics and Associate Dean of Harvard College

Other Faculty Offering Instruction in the Department of Economics

Christopher N. Avery, Professor of Public Policy (Kennedy School)
George P. Baker, MBA Class of 1966 Professor of Business Administration (Business School)
Malcolm Perkins Baker, Assistant Professor of Business Administration (Business School)
Lucian Arye Bebchuk, William J. Friedman and Alicia Townsend Friedman Professor of Law, Economics, and Finance (Law School)
David Bloom, Clarence James Gamble Professor of Economics and Demography (Public Health)
Estelle Cantillon, Assistant Professor of Business Administration (Business School)
George Carl Chacko, Associate Professor of Business Administration (Business School)
Randolph B. Cohen, Assistant Professor of Business Administration (Business School)
Mihir A. Desai, Assistant Professor of Business Administration (Business School)
Jeffrey A. Frankel, James W. Harpel Professor of Capital Formation and Growth (Kennedy School)
William C. Hsiao, K. T. Li Professor of Economics (Public Health)
Robert T. Jensen, Associate Professor of Public Policy (Kennedy School)
Louis E. Kaplow, Professor of Law (Law School)
Asim I. Khwaja, Assistant Professor of Public Policy (Kennedy School)
Joshua Lerner, Jacob H. Schiff Professor of Investment Banking (Business School)
Jeffrey B. Liebman, Associate Professor of Public Policy (Kennedy School)
Nolan H. Miller, Assistant Professor of Public Policy (Kennedy School)
Joseph P. Newhouse, John D. MacArthur Professor of Health Policy and Management (Kennedy School, Medical School, Public Health)
Ralph B. Potter, Professor of Social Ethics (Divinity School)
Matthew Rabin, Frank W. Taussig Research Professor of Economics
Dani Rodrik, Rafiq Hariri Professor of International Political Economy (Kennedy School)
Mark R. Rosenzweig, Professor of Public Policy (Kennedy School)
Robert N. Stavins, Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government (Kennedy School)
Richard Tuck, Frank G. Thomson Professor of Government
Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Roscoe Pound Professor of Law (Law School)
Andres Velasco, Sumitomo Fasid Professor of International Development (Kennedy School)
Luis Manuel Viceira, Assistant Professor of Business Administration (Business School)
Paul C. Weiler, Henry J. Friendly Professor of Law (Law School)

Department of Economics course listings are numerically ordered as follows:

900-999: Tutorials and Senior Research Seminars in Economics

1000-1099 and 2000-2099: General Economics; Economic Theory; History of Economics

1100-1199 and 2100-2199: Econometrics and Quantitative Methods

1300-1399 and 2300-2399: Economic History; Development Economics

1400-1499 and 2400-2499: Monetary and Fiscal Theory and Policy; Public Sector Economics

1500-1599 and 2500-2599: International Economics

1600-1699 and 2600-2699: Industrial Organization and Regulation; Environmental Economics

1700-1799 and 2700-2799: Financial Economics

1800-1899 and 2800-2899: Labor, Human Resources, and Income Distribution; Urban Economics

2000-2999: Open to honors undergraduates with the permission of the instructor

3000-3999: Graduate Courses of Reading and Research

Social Analysis 10: Principles of Economics, which is listed under the Core Curriculum, is the full-year introductory course in Economics. Social Analysis 10 is designed both for potential concentrators and for those who intend no further work in the field. The Department of Economics strongly encourages students considering concentration to take this course in their freshman year. This is a required course for all economics concentrators and a prerequisite for higher level courses in economics.


Tutorials and Senior Research Seminars in Economics

Primarily for Undergraduates

*Economics 910r. Supervised Reading and Research
Catalog Number: 1020
Benjamin M. Friedman and members of the Department
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Supervised reading leading to a long term paper on a topic or topics not covered by regular courses.
Note: Does not count for concentration. Requires signatures of the adviser and of the Director of Undergraduate Studies. Application available at the Economics Undergraduate Office at 20 Garden Street.

*Economics 970. Tutorial — Sophomore Year
Catalog Number: 7923 Enrollment: Limited to concentrators.
Benjamin M. Friedman, Samuel B. Thompson and members of the Department
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
A series of small seminars focusing on applications of economic theory to real problems.
Note: One term required of all Economics concentrators.
Prerequisite: Both terms of Social Analysis 10; Statistics 100; Economics 1010a or 1011a; and current enrollment in Economics 1010b or 1011b.

*Economics 980 (formerly *Economics 980r). Tutorial — Junior Year
Catalog Number: 3281
Benjamin M. Friedman and members of the Department
Half course (fall term). Tu., W., 7–8:30 p.m. EXAM GROUP: 9, 18
A thorough review of intermediate microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Note: Required of and limited to concentrators who received below a B-/C+ average in the Economics 1010/1011 sequence.

Economics 985 Senior Research Seminars

These seminars are limited to seniors writing senior honor theses. Each seminar focuses on the research topics of interest to the participants. Emphasis is placed on research design, methodological problems, literature review, and sources of data. Regular student presentations of work in progress are required. The major course requirement is an original research paper each term. An Economics 985 seminar taken in the senior year substitutes for Economics 990, and seniors will not be allowed to enroll concurrently in both courses. All 985 seminars are limited to 12 students.
*Economics 985a. Research in Microeconomics
Catalog Number: 7166
Adriana Lleras-Muney (Princeton University)
Full course. Fall: W., 5:45–7:45 p.m.; Spring: W., 5:30–8 p.m. EXAM GROUP: 9
Research seminar for seniors writing theses in theoretical and applied microeconomics. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honors thesis are required.

*Economics 985b. Research in Industrial Organization and Regulation
Catalog Number: 8180
Julie H. Mortimer
Full course. W., 4:30–6:30. EXAM GROUP: 9
Research seminar examining the major issues and approaches in the economics of industrial organization and regulation. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honors thesis are required.

[*Economics 985c. Research in Labor Economics]
Catalog Number: 5409
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Full course. Hours to be arranged.
Senior thesis research seminar in labor economics and related topics. Emphasis on choice of research topics, methodology, and data sources. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honors thesis are required.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.

*Economics 985d. Research in Economic Development
Catalog Number: 4989
Michael Robert Kremer
Full course. Fall: W., 2:15–4:15; Spring: Th., 4–6. EXAM GROUP: Fall: 7, 8, 9; Spring: 18
Workshop for seniors writing theses in the areas of economic history and economic development. Emphasis on choice of research topics, primary sources, data sources, and research methods. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honors thesis are required.

[*Economics 985e. Research in Macroeconomics]
Catalog Number: 3740
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Full course. Hours to be arranged.
Provides intellectual support and constructive criticism for students involved in research in the fields of monetary and fiscal policy, business cycles, and economic growth. Initial meetings focus on finalizing research topics, data sources, and research methods. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honors thesis are required.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.

*Economics 985f. Research in International Trade and Finance
Catalog Number: 7157
Richard N. Cooper
Full course. Fall: M., 3:30–5:30; Spring: M., 3–5. EXAM GROUP: 8, 9
Workshop for seniors writing theses in international trade and finance. Emphasis on choice of research topics, methodology, and international economic theory. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honors thesis are required.

*Economics 985h. Research in Financial Markets
Catalog Number: 0350
Stefan Nagel
Full course. Th., 4–6. EXAM GROUP: 18
Workshop for seniors writing theses in finance. Emphasis on choice of research topics, methodology, and data sources. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honor thesis are required. Topics include asset pricing and corporate finance.

*Economics 985k. Research in Public Economics
Catalog Number: 0871
Jack R. Porter
Full course. Tu., 2:30–4:30. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17, 18
Research seminar for seniors writing theses in public economics. Written and oral presentations of work in progress leading toward completion of a major research paper or senior honors thesis are required. Topics have included taxation, health economics, environmental and resource economics, and education.

*Economics 990. Tutorial — Senior Year
Catalog Number: 7342
Benjamin M. Friedman and members of the Department
Full course. Hours to be arranged.
Note: Students who are writing a senior thesis out of sequence (i.e., beginning in the spring) must enroll in Economics 990 in the spring and complete the course in the fall. Students must write a 25-page paper at the end of the first term of Economics 990. Students currently enrolled in Economics 985 may not enroll in Economics 990.

General Economics; Economic Theory; History of Economics

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1010a. Microeconomic Theory
Catalog Number: 1862
Marc J. Melitz
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30; and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Focuses on the optimizing behavior of individual consumers and firms and the coordination of these individual decisions through markets, including the evaluation of market outcomes. Topics include the theory of the consumer, the theory of the firm, decisions involving time and risk, perfect competition, monopoly and monopsony, oligopoly and game theory, markets with asymmetric information, and externalities and public goods.
Note: Economics 1010a fulfills the intermediate microeconomic theory requirement for economics concentrators. Students may take either Economics 1010a or Economics 1011a for credit. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Social Analysis.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10 and Mathematics 1a or their equivalents.

Economics 1010b. Macroeconomic Theory
Catalog Number: 2924
Susanto Basu (University of Michigan)
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Theory of determination of national income, employment, prices, and interest rates; related issues of economic growth, fluctuations, and inflation; monetary and fiscal policy.
Note: Economics 1010b fulfills the intermediate macroeconomic theory requirement for economics concentrators. Students may take either Economics 1010b or Economics 1011b for credit. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Social Analysis.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10. While no specific mathematics course is required, knowledge of calculus at the level of Mathematics 1a is assumed.

Economics 1011a. Microeconomic Theory
Catalog Number: 7230
Edward L. Glaeser
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1; and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Economics 1011a is similar to Economics 1010a, but uses more mathematics and covers more material. The course aims to teach the basic tools of economics and to apply them to a wide range of human behavior. Tools include consumer theory, optimization under uncertainty, game theory, welfare economics, incentive theory, and the economics of information. Topics include industrial organization, public finance, law and economics, the economics of the family, religion and riots.
Note: Economics 1011a fulfills the intermediate microeconomic theory requirement for economics concentrators. Students may take either Economics 1010a or Economics 1011a for credit. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Social Analysis.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10 and Mathematics 20 or 21a, or permission of the instructor.

Economics 1011b. Macroeconomic Theory
Catalog Number: 6993
Francesco Caselli and Philippe Aghion
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10-11:30, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
The same topics as in 1010b, but with a more mathematical approach.
Note: Economics 1011b fulfills the intermediate macroeconomic theory requirement for economics concentrators. Students may take either Economics 1010b or Economics 1011b for credit. This course, when taken for a letter grade, meets the Core area requirement for Social Analysis.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10. While no specific mathematics course is required, Mathematics 20 or 21 is recommended.

Economics 1025. Theory of Capital and Income
Catalog Number: 0121
Martin L. Weitzman
Half course (fall term). M., W., 1–2:30 and a section on Friday 1-2:30. EXAM GROUP: 6, 7
Mathematically advanced. Applies the maximum principle of optimal control theory to analyze a wide variety of dynamic economic models. Emphasizes basic principles and fundamental unity of all problems involving capital, investment, and time—including harvesting of renewable resources, extraction of non-renewable resources, analysis of dynamic environmental externalities, optimal growth, equilibrium of competitive stock markets, and the economic theory of the connection between income, accounting, sustainability, and share valuation.
Prerequisite: Economics 1011a and Mathematics 20.

Economics 1030. Psychology and Economics
Catalog Number: 4709
David I. Laibson and Andrei Shleifer
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Integrates psychological and economic analysis of behavior. Psychological topics include social preferences, impulsivity, bounded rationality, loss-aversion, over-confidence, self-serving biases, hedonics. Discusses how psychological experiments have been used to learn about preferences, cognition, behavior. Economic topics include arbitrage, equilibrium, rational choice, utility maximization, Bayesian beliefs, game theory. Integrates these psychological and economic concepts to understand behavioral phenomena such as credit card borrowing, portfolio choice, retirement saving, procrastination, addiction, asset pricing, auction bidding, labor supply, cooperation.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a, and knowledge of multivariate calculus.

Economics 1052. Introduction to Game Theory
Catalog Number: 2634
Markus M. Möbius
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30; W., at 4; W., at 5, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
An introduction to game theory and its applications to economics at a high level of rigor. Topics include extensive form and strategic form games, Nash equilibrium and Nash’s existence theorem, subgame-perfect equilibrium, Bayesian equilibrium, and applications to repeated games, auctions, and bargaining.
Prerequisite: Economics 1011a and Mathematics 21b, or equivalent.

Primarily for Graduates

*Economics 2010a. Economic Theory
Catalog Number: 8656
Edward L. Glaeser and Jerry R. Green
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30, and a 1.5-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Covers the theory of individual and group behavior. Topics include consumer theory, producer theory, behavior under uncertainty, externalities, monopolistic distortions, game theory, oligopolistic behavior, and asymmetric information.
Note: Enrollment is limited to students in the economics and business economics PhD programs.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 116 or equivalent; can be taken concurrently.

Economics 2010b. Economic Theory
Catalog Number: 8659
Laurent E. Calvet and Jerry R. Green
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30; and a 1.5-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Topics include general equilibrium, the core, externalities and public goods, moral hazard, social choice theory, signaling, and mechanism design.
Prerequisite: Economics 2010a.

Economics 2010c. Economic Theory
Catalog Number: 2041
Alberto F. Alesina, Benjamin M. Friedman, and Kenneth Rogoff
Half course (fall term). M., W., (F.), 12–1:30; Th., 4–5:30, and a 1.5 hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 5, 6
A basic course in graduate macroeconomics, including models of business fluctuations, theories of consumption, investment, money demand, and analysis of monetary and fiscal policy.
Note: Enrollment is normally limited to students in the economics PhD program, doctoral candidates in a few other designated programs, and well-qualified undergraduates.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 116 or the equivalent; can be taken concurrently.

Economics 2010d. Economic Theory
Catalog Number: 4431
Robert J. Barro and David I. Laibson
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 1–2:30, and a 1.5-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
Topics include economic growth, fiscal policy, inflation, theory of economic policy, and macroeconomic theory of the open economy.
Prerequisite: Economics 2010c.

*Economics 2020a. Microeconomic Theory I
Catalog Number: 0339 Enrollment: Limited to 102.
Christopher N. Avery (Kennedy School) and Nolan H. Miller (Kennedy School)
Half course (fall term). M., W., 8:40–10, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1, 2
A comprehensive course in economic theory designed for doctoral students in all parts of the university. Consumption, production, uncertainty, markets, general equilibrium. Applications to policy analysis and business decisions. Emphasizes the use of economic theory in practical research.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as API-111 and the Business School as 4010.
Prerequisite: Two years of calculus and one course in probability theory. Thorough background in microeconomic theory at the intermediate level. Undergraduates with the appropriate background are welcome.

*Economics 2020b. Microeconomic Theory II
Catalog Number: 4058
Christopher N. Avery (Kennedy School) and Nolan H. Miller (Kennedy School)
Half course (spring term). M., W., 8:30–10, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 1, 2
A continuation of Economics 2020a. Topics include game theory, economics of information, incentive theory, and welfare economics.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as API-112 and the Business School as 4011.
Prerequisite: Economics 2010a or 2020a.

[Economics 2035 (formerly Economics 2410h). Dynamic Programming]
Catalog Number: 1851
David I. Laibson
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Covers dynamic programming, including both discrete and continuous-time methods. Considers applications to search, investment, option valuation, consumption, and finance. Discusses computational methods for generating numerical solutions.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.

Economics 2040. Experimental Economics
Catalog Number: 8485 Enrollment: Limited to 48.
Alvin E. Roth (FAS, Business School)
Half course (fall term). F., 9–12. EXAM GROUP: 2, 3
An introduction to experimental economics, and some of the major subject areas that have been addressed by laboratory experiments. We concentrate on series of experiments, to see how experiments build on one another.
Note: Offered jointly with the Business School as 4160.

Economics 2045. Psychology and Economic Theory
Catalog Number: 3890
Matthew Rabin
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Explores how psychological research demonstrating departures from perfect rationality, self-interest, and other classical economic assumptions can be mathematically modeled to facilitate incorporation of psychological insights into mainstream economic analysis.
Note: Strictly for those with a background and interest in graduate-level economics.

Economics 2050. General Equilibrium Theory
Catalog Number: 2279
Laurent E. Calvet
Half course (fall term). F., 2:30–5:30. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8, 9
Develops the foundations of general equilibrium with an emphasis on financial markets. Topics include regularity and generic structure of equilibria, incomplete markets, default, informational efficiency and dynamic asset pricing.

Economics 2052. Game Theory
Catalog Number: 3690
Attila Ambrus
Half course (spring term). M., 4–7 p.m. EXAM GROUP: 9
Topics vary slightly from year to year, but typically include the equilibria of various classes of games, the definition and application of “common knowledge,” and non-equilibrium processes of strategy adjustment.
Prerequisite: Economics 2010a or permission of the instructor.

Economics 2056. Market Design
Catalog Number: 3634
Alvin E. Roth (FAS, Business School) and Estelle Cantillon (Business School)
Half course (spring term). F., 9–12. EXAM GROUP: 2, 3
Deals with the theory and practice of market design, with prominent examples drawn from auctions and labor markets.
Note: Offered jointly with the Business School as 4150.

Economics 2058. Networks and Social Capital
Catalog Number: 2872
Markus M. Möbius
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Provides a rigorous theoretical introduction into network models. Discusses the emerging empirical literature on economic and social networks. Topics include the role of networks in technological progress, buyer-supplier networks, and social capital.

Economics 2060. Contract Theory
Catalog Number: 1404
Philippe Aghion
Half course (fall term). M., W., 4–5:30. EXAM GROUP: 9
Recent developments in contract theory. Includes hidden action and hidden information models, dynamic agency issues, incomplete contracts, and applications of contract theory to theories of the firm and corporate financial structure.

*Economics 2075. Political Economy Research Seminar
Catalog Number: 7645
Stephen A. Marglin
Half course (fall term). Tu., 10–12. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13

Economics 2080. Economics and Politics: The Foundations of Economics in Political Theory
Catalog Number: 6576
Benjamin M. Friedman and Richard Tuck
Half course (spring term). W., 2–4. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Offers graduate students in relevant disciplines the chance to study the historical origins of central ideas in modern economics and to discuss their philosophical character.
Prerequisite: A basic knowledge of economics is assumed.

Economics 2086. The Theory Workshop
Catalog Number: 6378
Jerry R. Green and members of the Department
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Th., 4–6. EXAM GROUP: 18

Econometrics and Quantitative Methods

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1123. Introduction to Econometrics
Catalog Number: 0813
James H. Stock (fall term) and Samuel B. Thompson (spring term)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Fall: Tu., Th., 11:30–1; Spring: Tu., Th., 1–2:30; and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: Fall: 13, 14; Spring: 15, 16
An introduction to multiple regression techniques with focus on economic applications. Discusses extensions to discrete response, panel data, and time series models, as well as issues such as omitted variables, missing data, sample selection, randomized and quasi-experiments, and instrumental variables. Aims to provide students with an understanding of and ability to apply econometric and statistical methods using computer packages.
Note: Students may take either Economics 1123 or Statistics 139 for credit. Statistics 139 will not count as econometrics requirement. Also, Economics 1123 may not be taken for credit if taken after Economics 1126, but credit will be given for both courses if Economics 1123 is taken first.
Prerequisite: Statistics 100.

Economics 1126. Quantitative Methods in Economics
Catalog Number: 4076
Gary Chamberlain
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Topics include elements of statistical decision theory and related experimental evidence; some game theory and related experimental evidence; maximum likelihood; logit, normal, probit, and ordered probit regression models; panel data models with random effects; omitted variable bias and random assignment; incidental parameters and conditional likelihood; demand and supply.
Note: Economics 1123 may not be taken for credit if taken after Economics 1126, but credit will be given for both courses if Economics 1123 is taken first.
Prerequisite: Statistics 100 or preferably 110; Mathematics 20.

Cross-listed Courses

Statistics 100. Introduction to Quantitative Methods

Primarily for Graduates

Economics 2110. Introductory Probability and Statistics for Economists
Catalog Number: 7213
Marcelo J. Moreira
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 8:30–10, and a 1.5-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 10, 11
Introduction to probability and statistics. Emphasis on general methods applicable to both econometrics and economic theory. Topics include probability spaces, random variables, limit laws, estimation, hypothesis testing, and Bayesian methods.
Prerequisite: Economics 2030 and Statistics 100 or equivalent.

Economics 2120. Introduction to Applied Econometrics
Catalog Number: 2352
Dale W. Jorgenson (fall term) and Jack R. Porter (spring term)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4; W., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: Fall: 16, 17; Spring: 10, 11
Introduction to methods employed in applied econometrics, including linear regression, instrumental variables, panel data techniques, generalized method of moments, and maximum likelihood. Includes detailed discussion of papers in applied econometrics and computer exercises using standard econometric packages.
Prerequisite: Economics 2110 or equivalent.

Economics 2130 (formerly Economics 2131). Applied Econometrics
Catalog Number: 2211
Dale W. Jorgenson
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Advanced methods in applied econometrics, including nonlinear regression, discrete and limited dependent variables, models of selection, and stationary and non-stationary time series. Includes detailed discussion of empirical applications.
Note: Students complete a short research project in applied econometrics.
Prerequisite: Economics 2120 or equivalent.

Economics 2140. Econometric Methods
Catalog Number: 7210
Gary Chamberlain
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Statistical decision theory with applications to portfolio choice, panel data topics, selection bias, demand and supply, qualitative choice, and quantile regression.
Prerequisite: Economics 2120 or equivalent.

Economics 2141. Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data
Catalog Number: 9305
Marcelo J. Moreira
Half course (spring term). F., 1–4. EXAM GROUP: 6, 7
Topics include censoring, sample selection, attrition, stratified sampling, estimation of average treatment effects, and duration analysis.

Economics 2142. Time Series Analysis
Catalog Number: 4414
James H. Stock
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 8:30–10. EXAM GROUP: 10, 11
A survey of modern time series econometrics. Topics include univariate models, vector autoregressions, linear and nonlinear filtering, frequency domain methods, unit roots, structural breaks, empirical process theory asymptotics, forecasting, and applications to macroeconomics and finance.

Economics 2144. Advanced Applied Econometrics
Catalog Number: 7686
Ariel Pakes and Jack R. Porter
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 1–2:30. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
An introduction to the theory and application of recently developed econometric techniques used in advanced applied work. Simulation techniques as well as semiparametric and nonparametric tools will be studied in a variety of empirical contexts.

Economics 2146. Topics in Financial Econometrics
Catalog Number: 8715
Samuel B. Thompson
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
A discussion of modern topics in financial econometrics. Topics include testing for return predictability, inference in consumption-based asset pricing models, and estimation of continuous time models. Includes discussion of empirical applications.
Prerequisite: Economics 2120 or equivalent.

Economics 2162. The Econometrics Workshop
Catalog Number: 2372
Gary Chamberlain and members of the Department
Full course. Th., 4:30–6. EXAM GROUP: 18
Current research topics in theory and applications of econometrics.

Economic History; Development Economics

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1315. Economic Development in East Asia
Catalog Number: 1920
Dwight H. Perkins
Half course (spring term). M., W., (F.), at 11, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 4
Covers the modern development and economic history of East and Southeast Asia. Topics include explanations for the high economic growth rates in the region; the transition from economies based on central planning to economies relying on market forces; industrial policies and the origins of the Asian financial crisis; the role of natural resources; differing approaches to income distribution and social welfare; and other related issues of importance to the region.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10.

Economics 1320. The Latin American Economy
Catalog Number: 2454
Beatriz Armendariz and Domingo F. Cavallo
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Economic analysis of historical episodes that have shaped recent development strategies in the region. Focuses on the determinants of growth and income inequality, volatile financial markets, and rapid urbanization. Analyzes country-specific experiences to evaluate stabilization, trade, regulation, poverty alleviation, and environmental policies.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a. Prior knowledge of economic development and international finance would be an advantage.

Economics 1325. Latin America and the Washington Consensus
Catalog Number: 5247
Domingo F. Cavallo and Roberto Mangabeira Unger (Law School)
Half course (spring term). W., 4–6, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 9
The “Washington Consensus” is a term that has been used to describe a reform program, sometimes also called “neoliberal,” embraced in recent years by the governments of many developing countries. How important was the “Washington Consensus” in influencing economic reforms in Latin America during the 90’s? Were there alternatives to what was done? What was responsible for economic crisis and increasing poverty: the reforms, or the lack of enough such reforms?
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as PED-133 and the Law School as 41140-31.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10.

Economics 1330. One Way or Many
Catalog Number: 7955
Richard B. Freeman and Roberto Mangabeira Unger (Law School)
Half course (spring term). M., 2:20–4:20; Tu., at 4; Tu., at 5; Th., at 4; Th., at 5; Th., at 6, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8, 9
Is the world gradually converging toward the same set of economic practices and institutions, following the lead of the North Atlantic industrial democracies? Or can democratic market economies take institutional forms radically different from those now established in the US and Western Europe? International financial instability has lent new urgency to the controversy over alternatives. The course considers these themes by exploring their variations in major post-communist or developing societies, as well as in North Atlantic countries.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as PED-259 and the Law School as 44160-31. Meets at the Law School.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10.

[Economics 1340. Globalization and History]
Catalog Number: 4025
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Globalization after 1492: first globalization boom 1800-1914, autarkic retreat 1914-1950, second globalization boom since 1950. Uses history to explore sources and impact of world market integration, emerging global capital markets, and mass migrations. Does going global foster growth? Who gains and who loses? Why doesn’t more capital flow to poor countries? Why don’t more poor people migrate? Who votes for protection? Who votes for migration restriction?
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05. Concentrators may not take pass/fail.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10 or permission of the instructor.

*Economics 1357. Historical Perspectives on American Economic Ascendancy
Catalog Number: 7554 Enrollment: Limited to 60.
Claudia Goldin
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1; Tu., at 10; W., at 10, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Concerns America’s economic ascendancy ever since c.1790. Addresses whether the US lost economic leadership post-WWII or others converged on it. Explores how the US achieved economic supremacy, including natural resources, legal institutions, labor, education, and invention. Confronts domestic issues accompanying economic growth such as inequality, regional divisions, slavery, big business, and economic vicissitudes such as the Great Depression, and evaluates solutions such as big government. Readings include novels.
Note: Concentrators may not take pass/fail. A research paper is required.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10 or permission of the instructor.

[Economics 1360. Politics, Society, and Economic Development]
Catalog Number: 6066 Enrollment: Limited to 30.
Dwight H. Perkins
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Explores selected topics in the relationship between economic development and the political and social institutions that influence development. Focuses on the appropriate role for the state in the management of the economy. Topics include the effectiveness of industrial policy in different institutional settings, the economics and politics of bilateral and multilateral foreign aid, how ethnic diversity affects ownership patterns in the economy, the causes and cures for corruption, and other similar issues.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05. A major research paper is required as well as a final exam.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10 or permission of the instructor.

Economics 1385. Introduction to Global Health and Population
Catalog Number: 6193
David Bloom (Public Health)
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4; Th., at 1; Th., at 4; F., at 11, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Studies global health and population data in historical and comparative perspective. Discusses alternative frameworks and perspectives for understanding determinants and consequences of global disparities in health and population, and the place of health and population in the realm of international development. Covers approaches to the design, implementation, and evaluation of polices and programs to address health and population problems, including medical interventions, non-medical health interventions, and non-health interventions.
Note: A research paper is required.

Economics 1391. Economic Growth and Development
Catalog Number: 1340
Xavier Sala-i-Martin (Columbia University)
Half course (fall term). M., W., 2:30–4, and an hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Studies the relationship between economic growth, poverty, and income distribution. Discusses how globalization affects poverty and inequality. Studies the main theories of economic growth and the main potential sources of economic development, from physical capital accumulation, to education, to technology, to the role of government. Discusses various global issues such as public global health (e.g., the impact of malaria and AIDS on Africa), corruption and institutions, natural resources, the environment, international donor institutions, and population growth.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a (or 1011a) and 1010b (or 1011b).

Economics 1392. Economic Development
Catalog Number: 4355
Beatriz Armendariz
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1 and one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Applies economic analysis to address key questions affecting developing economies. What is the meaning of economic development? What causes poverty and famines? Is population growth detrimental to economic development? What are the causes and consequences of rural-urban migration? Can microfinance help for enhancing investment, promoting savings, and closing the gender gap? What is the role of social norms and politics? How can corruption activities be controlled? What is the role of foreign aid agencies?
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a.

Primarily for Graduates

[Economics 2325. World Development]
Catalog Number: 8510
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Uses economic history to explore development the world round over the past two centuries, from the British industrial revolution to the contemporary Third World. Takes examples from Europe, Latin America, Asia, and North America.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05. Satisfies the graduate distribution requirement.

Economics 2327. Economic Development: Theory, Policy, and Evidence
Catalog Number: 8092
Dani Rodrik (Kennedy School) and Mark R. Rosenzweig (Kennedy School)
Half course (fall term). M., W., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 4, 5
Provides a graduate-level overview of the theory of and evidence on economic development from a policy-oriented perspective. Aim is to allow students to analyze policy debates surrounding development from a broad and rigorous analytical base.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as PED-101i.

[Economics 2330. The Development of the American Economy]
Catalog Number: 0123
Claudia Goldin
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Covers topics in American economic history with an emphasis on the causes and consequences of economic growth from c. 1790. Explores the historical roots of current economic issues, such as productivity, technological change, inequality, female labor force, race, immigration, education, big government, and macroeconomic fluctuations.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05. Satisfies the graduate distribution requirement.

Economics 2333. Historical Perspectives on Current Economic Issues
Catalog Number: 6800
Claudia Goldin and Robert Margo (Vanderbilt University)
Half course (fall term). M., W., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 3, 4
Comparative economic history emphasizing the sources of economic growth. Subjects include labor systems, population change, migration, technology, industrialization, market integration, education, government, inequality, and the Great Depression. Each topic is motivated by a current concern.
Note: Satisfies the graduate distribution requirement.

*Economics 2339. The Economic History Workshop
Catalog Number: 8183
Claudia Goldin and Robert Margo (Vanderbilt University) (fall term only)
Full course. F., 2–4. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Intended for students writing dissertations related to economic history themes and/or methodology and for others with interests in economic history. Discusses research papers presented by scholars at Harvard and elsewhere.

Economics 2350. Workshop in Religion, Political Economy, and Society
Catalog Number: 0815
Robert J. Barro and members of the Department
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). W., 1–2:30. EXAM GROUP: 6, 7
Topics on the interplay between religion and the social sciences.

Economics 2390b. Development Economics I: Microeconomic Issues
Catalog Number: 2990
Michael Robert Kremer
Half course (fall term). M., W., 8:30–10. EXAM GROUP: 1, 2
Topics include agricultural issues such as peasant behavior, land tenancy, interlinked markets; credit and insurance market problems and institutions; health, nutrition, and productivity; gender bias; education; and technology adoption.

Economics 2390c. Development Economics II: Macroeconomic Issues
Catalog Number: 0388
Michael Robert Kremer
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Topics include innovation-based growth, innovations and capital accumulation, scale effects and convergence, exhaustible resources, learning-by-doing, growth and market structure, general purpose technologies, dynamics of wage inequality, and technical change and institutional change.

Economics 2390d. The Economic Growth and Development Workshop
Catalog Number: 1926
Michael R. Kremer and members of the Department
Full course. Fall: Tu., 2:30–4; Spring: W., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: Fall: 16, 17; Spring: 7, 8

Monetary and Fiscal Theory and Policy; Public Sector Economics

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1410. Public Sector Economics
Catalog Number: 6136
David M. Cutler, Mihir A. Desai (Business School), Martin Feldstein, and Caroline M. Hoxby
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 9; and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 2
An economic analysis of government policy in market economies. Examines efficiency and equity arguments for government intervention, economic theories of government decision making, and empirical evidence on government programs. Special emphasis on social insurance and health care.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as API-125.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a or permission of instructor.

Economics 1420. American Economic Policy
Catalog Number: 8110
Martin Feldstein and Jeffrey B. Liebman (Kennedy School)
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 10, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 3
Analyzes major issues in American economic policy including taxation, Social Security, welfare reform, budget policy, monetary and fiscal policy, and exchange rate management. Current economic issues and policy options discussed in detail and in the context of current academic thinking.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as API-126.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a, or permission of instructor.

Economics 1430. Macroeconomics and Politics
Catalog Number: 5549
Robert J. Barro
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 11; and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 4
Topics include the political economy of economic growth, including the roles of democracy and legal institutions; inflation, monetary policy, and fiscal policy; interplay between religion and political economy; and analyses of economic and monetary unions.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010b or 1011b, or permission of the instructor.

Economics 1480. Moral Perspectives on Economic Growth
Catalog Number: 3441 Enrollment: Limited to 20.
Benjamin M. Friedman
Half course (fall term). M., W., F., at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Considers economic growth and policies that either promote or impede economic growth, from a social and moral perspective. The central question is whether rising living standards promote openness of opportunity, social mobility, tolerance of diversity, commitment to democracy, and other related characteristics of free societies. Approaches include economic, historical, and literary analyses.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a (or 1011a) and 1010b (or 1011b).

[Economics 1485. Growth and Institutions]
Catalog Number: 8019
Philippe Aghion
Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
An analysis of the interplay between economic institutions and macroeconomic volatility and growth; it builds to a large extent on the recent history of high-tech sectors in industrialized countries, on the transition experience in post-socialist economies, and on the recent currency crisis episodes in Asia and Latin America.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a (or 1011a) and 1010b (or 1011b), and Mathematics 20.

Cross-listed Courses

Quantitative Reasoning 24. Health Economics

Primarily for Graduates

Economics 2410e. Economic Growth
Catalog Number: 0681
Philippe Aghion and Francesco Caselli
Half course (spring term). W., 6–9 p.m. EXAM GROUP: 9
Covers a variety of advanced topics in economic growth and development, including the roles of factor accumulation, differences in productivity, technology adoption and technology diffusion, institutions and politics, culture and social capital.

Economics 2410k. Business Cycle Theory and Empirics
Catalog Number: 9853
Susanto Basu (University of Michigan)
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Studies general-equilibrium business-cycle models, focusing on the role of imperfect competition and nominal rigidity in explaining fluctuations. Emphasizes model development, but also examines empirical evidence bearing on key assumptions and predictions.

Economics 2420. Monetary and Fiscal Policy Seminar
Catalog Number: 5946
Benjamin M. Friedman and members of the Department
Full course. M., 2–4. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8

Economics 2435. Growth and Institutions Workshop
Catalog Number: 0382
Philippe Aghion, Robert J. Barro, and Francesco Caselli
Half course (spring term). Th., 6–7:30 p.m. EXAM GROUP: 18
Considers the effects of organizations and institutions on macroeconomic performance, with a particular focus on the interplay between institutional change and technical change.

Economics 2450a. Public Economics and Fiscal Policy I
Catalog Number: 1339
Caroline M. Hoxby and David M. Cutler
Half course (fall term). M., W., (F.), 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 4, 5
Surveys theoretical and empirical analyses of taxation and government expenditures. Topics include tax incidence, optimal tax theory, public goods and externalities, and empirical analysis of responses to taxation.

Economics 2450b. Public Economics and Fiscal Policy II
Catalog Number: 6478
David M. Cutler and Martin Feldstein
Half course (spring term). M., W., (F.), 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 4, 5
Surveys theoretical and empirical analyses of taxation and government expenditures. Special topics include taxes and corporate finance, social insurance and fiscal policy, including social security and health care.

Economics 2460. Health Economics Workshop
Catalog Number: 7617
David M. Cutler, William C. Hsiao (Public Health), and Joseph P. Newhouse (Kennedy School, Medical School, Public Health)
Half course (spring term). W., 4:30–6. EXAM GROUP: 9
Focuses on theory, econometric models, and public policy of health care. Frontier work in health economics presented and discussed by instructors and outside speakers.
Note: May be taken for credit only by dissertation students writing a research paper. Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as HCP-581.

Economics 2480. The Public Economics and Fiscal Policy Workshop
Catalog Number: 6834
David M. Cutler, Martin Feldstein, and Caroline M. Hoxby
Full course. M., 4–6. EXAM GROUP: 9
Focuses on current issues in the theory and practice of public finance, including both tax and expenditure policies.

*Economics 2490. The Economics of National Security Seminar
Catalog Number: 9061
Martin Feldstein
Half course (spring term). Tu., 6:30–9 p.m. EXAM GROUP: 18
Considers a range of issues relating to national security, including bioterrorism, the market for nuclear weapons, the defense industry, the dependence on imported oil, intelligence, sanctions, etc.
Note: Speakers will be both experts with experience in this field and economists doing research on these issues. Seminar participants will be economics department faculty and selected graduate students.

International Economics

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1530. International Monetary Economics
Catalog Number: 2269
Richard N. Cooper
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 11, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 4
The theory of exchange rate determination, capital markets, and macroeconomic policy in the open economy. Applications to such issues as the history of international monetary regimes, international policy coordination, the debt crisis, and the formation of currency unions.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10.

Economics 1535. International Trade and Investment
Catalog Number: 2557 Enrollment: Limited to 50.
Marc J. Melitz
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 1–2:30, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 15, 16
Analyzes the causes and consequences of international trade and investment. Focuses on the interplay of economic theory and empirical descriptions of foreign trade and direct investment patterns.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a.

[Economics 1542. International Trade Policy]
Catalog Number: 2613
Elhanan Helpman
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Provides a discussion of international trade policies. Begins by reviewing the theory of trade and trade policy in both competitive and non-competitive environments, and proceeds to political economy of trade policy formation. The course requires knowledge of calculus and the ability to deal with analytical methods.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a, or permission of instructor.

Economics 1545. International Financial and Macroeconomic Policy
Catalog Number: 5166 Enrollment: Limited to 30.
Kenneth Rogoff
Half course (spring term). M., W., 2:30–4; W., at 5, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Advanced theoretical and empirical analysis of contemporary international macroeconomic policy issues in both industrialized and developing economies. Topics include exchange rates, international capital flows, debt crises, growth, and policy coordination.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010b or 1011b.

Economics 1550. Economics of International Financial Policy
Catalog Number: 5112
Jeffrey A. Frankel (Kennedy School)
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10:10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Deals with international monetary economics, or the macroeconomics of open economies. Topics include the foreign exchange market, devaluation, and trade elasticities; simultaneous determination of the trade balance, GDP, the balance of payments, money flows, and price levels; increasingly integrated financial markets; monetary and fiscal policy; international macroeconomic interdependence and policy coordination; supply relationships and nominal anchors for monetary policy; and the determination of exchange rates.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as ITF-220. The final exam will be scheduled by the Kennedy School Registrar during the week of December 15-19.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a (or 1011a) and 1010b (or 1011b).

Primarily for Graduates

Economics 2530a. International Trade
Catalog Number: 4537
Elhanan Helpman
Half course (fall term). M., W., 2–3:30. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Provides a broad overview of theory and evidence concerning international trade, direct foreign investment, and trade policy.
Note: Strongly recommended as preparation for Economics 2530b.

Economics 2530b. International Finance
Catalog Number: 7144
Kenneth Rogoff
Half course (spring term). M., W., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 3, 4
Financial aspects of growth and income determination in open economies. Topics include international business cycle, monetary and exchange rate regimes, capital flows, and current issues in international macroeconomic policy.
Prerequisite: Economics 2530a provides extremely useful background.

Economics 2535. Advanced Topics in International Trade
Catalog Number: 6410
Pol Antràs
Half course (spring term). M., W., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Covers advanced theoretical and empirical topics concerning the determinants of world trade patterns.
Prerequisite: Economics 2530a or permission of instructor.

[Economics 2537. International Trade Policy: Issues and Analysis ]
Catalog Number: 1699
Dani Rodrik (Kennedy School)
Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Develops expertise with economic models used for the analysis of international trade policies. Focuses on theoretical and empirical work relating to trade patterns, income distribution, growth, development, industrial policy, political economy, and the WTO.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05. Students are expected to make presentations and write a research paper. Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as ITF-345.
Prerequisite: Graduate level microeconomics and econometrics.

Economics 2540. The International Economics Workshop
Catalog Number: 4008
Elhanan Helpman (fall term), Kenneth Rogoff (spring term), and members of the Department
Full course. W., 4–6. EXAM GROUP: 9
Research papers in all aspects of international economics, including theory, econometrics, and policy.

Industrial Organization and Regulation; Environmental Economics

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1640. Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications
Catalog Number: 7875 Enrollment: Limited to 30.
Ali Hortacsu (University of Chicago) (fall term) and Julie H. Mortimer (spring term)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Fall: Tu., Th., 1–2:30; Spring: Tu., Th., 2:30–4, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: Fall: 15, 16; Spring: 16, 17
Theoretical and empirical analysis of contemporary topics in industrial organization. Uses economic theory to analyze important issues facing firms, and examines the practical challenges of empirical applications of theory. Topics include horizontal relationships and mergers, vertical integration and control through contractual arrangements, price discrimination, information and search costs, innovation and intellectual property rights, and network externalities. Each topic combines theoretical analysis with a study of actual firm behavior.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a.

Economics 1661. Environmental and Resource Economics and Policy
Catalog Number: 2115
Robert N. Stavins (Kennedy School)
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Provides a survey, from the perspective of economics, of environmental and natural resource policy. Combines lectures on conceptual and methodological topics with examinations of public policy issues. Topics include principles of environmental and resource economics, nonrenewable resources (minerals and energy), renewable resources (water, forests, land, fisheries), air pollution (stationary and mobile sources, acid rain, and global climate change), water pollution (point and nonpoint sources), waste management, and sustainable development and political aspects of environmental policy.
Note: Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as ENR-201.
Prerequisite: Social Analysis 10 or permission of instructor.

Primarily for Graduates

Economics 2610. Industrial Organization I
Catalog Number: 3766
Ariel Pakes
Half course (fall term). M., W., 1–2:30. EXAM GROUP: 6, 7
Applied work in industrial organization. Static analysis (theory, estimation): demand systems, cost functions, and game theoretic concepts of equilibrium and their application. Dynamic analysis (theory, computation, estimation): single agent problems, dynamic games and their application.

Economics 2611. Industrial Organization II
Catalog Number: 2302
Julie H. Mortimer
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Application of industrial organization to problems of public policy. Applied analysis of antitrust policy, network industries, vertical relationships, auctions, and other topics depending on interest.
Note: Students are urged to take Economics 2610 before Economics 2611.

*Economics 2640hf. The Industrial Organization Workshop
Catalog Number: 5981
Ariel Pakes and members of the Department
Half course (throughout the year). M., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8

Economics 2665. The Economics of Organizations Workshop
Catalog Number: 9819
Philippe Aghion and George P. Baker (Business School)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). Th., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
Note: Offered jointly with the Business School as 4230.

Economics 2680. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics
Catalog Number: 6529
Martin L. Weitzman
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 11:30–1. EXAM GROUP: 13, 14
Basic theory and models, including externalities, common property, instruments for controlling pollution. Applications of optimal control theory to renewable and non-renewable resources. Analysis of cost-benefit, discounting, uncertainty, environmental accounting, “sustainability,” and biodiversity preservation.
Prerequisite: Graduate price theory at level of 2010 or 2020.

*Economics 2690hf. Environmental Economics and Policy Seminar
Catalog Number: 4324
Robert N. Stavins (Kennedy School) and Martin L. Weitzman
Half course (throughout the year). W., 4–5:30. EXAM GROUP: 9
Selected topics in environmental and resource economics. Emphasizes theoretical models, quantitative empirical analysis, and public policy applications. Includes invited outside speakers.
Note: Primarily for graduate students in economics or related fields with environmental interests. Offered jointly with the Kennedy School as ENR-551y.
Prerequisite: Graduate-level course in microeconomic theory.

Financial Economics

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1723. Capital Markets
Catalog Number: 1917
Tuomo O. Vuolteenaho
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4; and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
An introduction to the economic analysis of investment decisions and financial markets. Concepts include time discounting, market efficiency, risk, and arbitrage. These concepts are applied to fixed-income securities, equities, and derivative securities.
Prerequisite: Mathematics 20 and Economics 1010a or 1011a.

Economics 1733. Topics in Investment Management
Catalog Number: 6748
Tuomo O. Vuolteenaho
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30 and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Presents theory and empirical evidence on selected questions in financial economics, with an emphasis on recent empirical research on investment strategies. Focuses on the application of these ideas to investment management. Topics include behavioral finance and market efficiency, patterns in asset prices, and portfolio construction.
Prerequisite: Economics 1723; or Economics 1745; or both Social Analysis 10 and permission of the instructor.

Economics 1745. Corporate Finance
Catalog Number: 5889
Randall Morck (University of Alberta)
Half course (spring term). M., W., 1–2:30, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 6, 7
Introduction to corporate finance, including capital budgeting, capital structure of firms, dividend policy, incentives of insiders, and takeovers.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a.

[Economics 1760. Topics in Financial Economics]
Catalog Number: 4594
Jeremy C. Stein
Half course (spring term). Hours to be arranged.
Theory and empirical evidence on selected questions in financial economics, with an emphasis on current research. Topics include behavioral finance and market efficiency, capital allocation by financial markets and inside firms, and banking and monetary policy.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Economics 1723.

Primarily For Graduates

Economics 2723. Asset Pricing I
Catalog Number: 2847
John Y. Campbell
Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., 2:30–4. EXAM GROUP: 16, 17
An introduction to financial economics emphasizing discrete-time models and empirical applications. Reviews basic asset pricing theory. Discusses empirical topics including predictability of stock and bond returns, the equity premium puzzle, and intertemporal equilibrium models.
Prerequisite: Economics 2010a or 2020a, or permission of instructor.

Economics 2725. Corporate Finance
Catalog Number: 1427
Malcolm Perkins Baker (Business School) and Andrei Shleifer
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 8:30–10. EXAM GROUP: 10, 11
Theory and empirical evidence of capital structure, dividends, investment policy, managerial incentives, and takeovers. Topics include market efficiency, agency problems, and ownership.
Prerequisite: Economics 2060.

Economics 2728 (formerly Economics 2428). Behavioral Finance
Catalog Number: 8633
Andrei Shleifer
Half course (spring term). W., 2–4. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Deals with theoretical and empirical approaches to the study of financial markets using psychological or behavioral ideas. Topics include limited arbitrage, predictability of security returns, closed end funds, the equity premium, and trading volume.
Prerequisite: Economics 2723.

Economics 2730. Asset Pricing II
Catalog Number: 2235
Luis Manuel Viceira (Business School), George Carl Chacko (Business School), and Randolph B. Cohen (Business School)
Half course (spring term). F., 3–6. EXAM GROUP: 8, 9
Emphasis of course is both theoretical and empirical. First part of course develops continuous-time asset pricing models, and their estimation. Second part discusses empirical research on cross-sectional patterns in stock returns.
Note: Offered jointly with the Business School as 4210.
Prerequisite: Graduate-level microeconomics, macroeconomics, and econometrics; Economics 2723 or equivalent.

[Economics 2740. Risksharing in Macroeconomics]
Catalog Number: 8717
John Y. Campbell
Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Considers how financial markets and government policy can be used to share risks efficiently across economic agents. Topics include long-term portfolio choice theory, international and intergenerational risksharing, and public debt management.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: Economics 2010c and 2010d.

*Economics 2770hf. The Financial Economics Workshop
Catalog Number: 1379
John Y. Campbell and members of the Department
Half course (throughout the year). M., 4–5:30. EXAM GROUP: 9

Labor, Human Resources, and Income Distribution; Urban Economics

For Undergraduates and Graduates

Economics 1812. The US Labor Market
Catalog Number: 0421
James L. Medoff
Half course (spring term). M., W., (F.), at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
Presents the tools employed in research on the operation of the labor market and then uses them to discuss issues such as the determinants of earnings differentials, the impact of various firm characteristics on labor-market outcomes, discrimination, and unemployment.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a (or 1011a) and Economics 1010b (or 1011b).

Economics 1813. The Indebted Society
Catalog Number: 6957
James L. Medoff
Half course (fall term). M., W., (F.), at 10. EXAM GROUP: 3
First charts trends in personal, corporate, and government indebtedness in the US, then discusses the impact of each change on societal well-being. Finally, asks about public policy concerning the various forms of US debt.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a (or 1011a) and Economics 1010b (or 1011b).

Economics 1815. Social Problems of the American Economy
Catalog Number: 3130
Lawrence F. Katz
Half course (spring term). M., W., 2:30–4, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Examines selected social and economic problems of the US and evaluates market and governmental solutions. Topics include discrimination, income and wage inequality, welfare reform, antipoverty strategy (including education and training programs), homelessness, crime, and charitable behavior.
Note: A research paper is required.

Economics 1818. Economics of Discontinuous Change
Catalog Number: 3029
Richard B. Freeman
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., at 1, and a one-hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 15
Explores discontinuous changes in the economic position of groups and countries and presents mathematical and computer simulation models designed to illuminate these changes. Examples include growth/decline of trade unions, segregation of groups, development of linkages on the internet, changes in corporate work culture, growth of social pathologies in neighborhoods, and Malthusian concerns about the environment. Models include nonlinear simulations, neural networks, finite automata, evolutionary stable strategies, causal conjunctures, agent-based simulations, and genetic algorithms.
Note: A research paper is required. Students should have some mathematical background, but there is no prerequisite.

Economics 1822. Economics of Education
Catalog Number: 1004 Enrollment: Limited to 40.
Caroline M. Hoxby
Half course (fall term). M., W., 2–3:30, and an hour weekly section to be arranged. EXAM GROUP: 7, 8
Explores why people attain different levels of education, what makes schools efficient, how schools should be financed, what explains rising college tuition, whether education propels macroeconomic growth. Uses labor economics (human capital investment, the market for teachers), public economics (financing K-12 education, public colleges), industrial organization (vouchers, charter schools, market for college education), macroeconomics (growth theory).
Note: A research paper is required, which makes this a good course for students considering honors theses.
Prerequisite: Economics 1010a or 1011a, or permission of the instructor.

Primarily for Graduates

[Economics 2800a. Social and Urban Economics]
Catalog Number: 3319
Edward L. Glaeser
Half course (fall term). Hours to be arranged.
Urban economics topics include the economics of agglomeration, local public finance, real estate. Social economics topics include ghettos and discrimination, crime and violence, the positive theory of law enforcement, religion, the economics of the family.
Note: Expected to be given in 2004–05.
Prerequisite: PhD-level courses in economic theory and econometrics or permission of instructor.

Economics 2810a. Labor Market Analysis
Catalog Number: 4862
Caroline M. Hoxby and Lawrence F. Katz
Half course (fall term). M., W., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 3, 4
Theoretical and empirical research on labor markets. Wage determination covers equalizing differences, human capital, job mobility, and incentive models. Labor supply covers life-cycle models. Labor demand includes minimum wage and union models.

Economics 2810b. Labor Economics and Labor Market Institutions
Catalog Number: 3206
Lawrence F. Katz and Richard B. Freeman
Half course (spring term). Tu., Th., 10–11:30. EXAM GROUP: 12, 13
Examines the operation of the labor market and evaluation of labor market policies. Topics: labor econometrics, theories of wage determination, changes in the wage structure, unemployment, labor market institutions, social mobility, and social interactions.

Economics 2812. The Labor Economics Workshop
Catalog Number: 0230
Lawrence F. Katz, Richard B. Freeman, and Caroline M. Hoxby
Full course. W., 4–5:30. EXAM GROUP: Fall: 9
Focuses on research concerning the operation of labor markets.

*Economics 2813. Labor and Work Life Forum
Catalog Number: 1415
Richard B. Freeman and Paul C. Weiler (Law School)
Half course (spring term). Th., 4–6. EXAM GROUP: 18
Research and discussion with trade union leaders and management concerning labor issues.

Graduate Courses of Reading and Research

*Economics 3000. Research Paper
Catalog Number: 4174
Members of the Department
Intended to fulfill the Research Paper Requirement for the PhD degree in Economics. Ordinarily, this course is taken during the spring term of the second year of graduate study.

*Economics 3005. Reading and Research
Catalog Number: 3493
Members of the Department
Individual work or work in small groups (with a professor or lecturer in residence) in preparation for the general examination for the PhD degree, or work on special topics not included in course offerings.

*Economics 3010. Direction of Doctoral Dissertations
Catalog Number: 4579
Members of the Department
Note: In all cases, the thesis topic must have been formally submitted to, and approved by, a thesis advisor.

*Economics 3011. Research in Behavior in Games and Markets
Catalog Number: 0109
Attila Ambrus 4665, Jerry R. Green 1539, David I. Laibson 1241, Markus M. Möbius 3441, Matthew Rabin 4741, and Alvin E. Roth (FAS, Business School) 564 (on leave spring term)
Half course (fall term; repeated spring term). W., 11:30–1.
Serves mainly as a forum for presentations by graduate students of their current research. Work presented can be very preliminary and conjectural.
Prerequisite: Economics 2010a (or 2020a) and 2010b (or 2020b).

*Economics 3163hf. Research in Econometrics
Catalog Number: 4392
Dale W. Jorgenson 2000 (on leave fall term), Gary Chamberlain 1745 (on leave 2004-05), Marcelo J. Moreira 4365, Jack R. Porter 2337, James H. Stock 1783, and Samuel B. Thompson 3406
Half course (throughout the year). M., 12–2.
Participants discuss recent research in econometrics and present their own work in progress. Open to doctoral students in economics.

*Economics 3336hf. Research in Economic History
Catalog Number: 0639
Claudia Goldin 2667 and Robert Margo (Vanderbilt University) 3126 (fall term only)
Half course (throughout the year). Hours to be arranged.
Participants discuss recent research in economic history and present their own work in progress.
Note: Primarily, but not exclusively, for doctoral students in economics who have passed their oral examinations.

*Economics 3390hf. Research in Economic Development
Catalog Number: 2532
Michael Robert Kremer 2112, Robert J. Barro 1612, Francesco Caselli 1489 (on leave fall term), Robert T. Jensen (Kennedy School) 4548, Asim I. Khwaja (Kennedy School) 3994, Dwight H. Perkins 2300 (on leave fall term), Mark R. Rosenzweig (Kennedy School) 4595, and Xavier Sala-i-Martin (Columbia University) 4698 (fall term only)
Half course (throughout the year). Fall: W., at 1; Spring: Tu., at 1.
Participants discuss recent research in development economics and present their own work in progress. Open to doctoral students in economics who have passed their oral examinations.

*Economics 3410dhf. Research in Macroeconomics
Catalog Number: 2126
Alberto F. Alesina 2074, Robert J. Barro 1612, Susanto Basu (University of Michigan) 3106, Francesco Caselli 1489 (on leave fall term), and David I. Laibson 1241
Half course (throughout the year). Tu., 12–1:30.
Participants discuss recent research in macroeconomics and present their own work in progress. Open to doctoral students in economics who have passed their oral examinations.

*Economics 3450chf. Research in Public Economics and Fiscal Policy
Catalog Number: 3436
David M. Cutler 2954, Edward L. Glaeser 3219, Caroline M. Hoxby 1235, and Lawrence F. Katz 1480
Half course (throughout the year). Th., 1:30–3.
Participants discuss recent research in public economics and fiscal policy and present their own work in progress. Open to doctoral students in economics who have passed their oral examinations.

*Economics 3460chf. Research in Health Economics
Catalog Number: 5309
David M. Cutler 2954 and Joseph P. Newhouse (Kennedy School, Medical School, Public Health) 2425
Half course (throughout the year). Tu., 8–9:30.
Participants discuss recent research in health economics. Course may also include presentation of original research by participants. Open to doctoral students only.

*Economics 3530hf. Research in International Economics
Catalog Number: 5777
Pol Antràs 4666, Richard N. Cooper 7211 (on leave spring term), Elhanan Helpman 2334 (on leave spring term), Marc J. Melitz 3499, and Kenneth Rogoff 1746
Half course (throughout the year). W., at 12.
Participants discuss recent research in international economics and present their own work in progress. Open to doctoral students in economics who have passed their oral examinations.

*Economics 3650hf. Research in Industrial Organization
Catalog Number: 3318
Ariel Pakes 1774, Ali Hortacsu (University of Chicago) 4661 (fall term only), Markus M. Möbius 3441, and Julie H. Mortimer 3993 (on leave fall term)
Half course (throughout the year). W., 2:30–4.
Participants present their own research in progress in an informal setting. Open to doctoral students in economics who have passed their general examinations and are in the early stages of their dissertations.

*Economics 3660hf. The Law, Economics, and Organizations Workshop
Catalog Number: 4325
Lucian Arye Bebchuk (Law School) 2042, Louis E. Kaplow (Law School) 3223, Joshua Lerner (Business School) 1601, and Andrei Shleifer 2772
Half course (throughout the year). M., 12:30–2.
The presentation of work in progress in the field of law, economics, and organizations. Presentations by members of the various Harvard faculties, outside speakers, and graduate students.
Note: Offered jointly with the Law School as 96250-11.

*Economics 3723hf. Research in Financial Economics
Catalog Number: 4107
Laurent E. Calvet 1495 (on leave 2004-05), John Y. Campbell 1230, George Carl Chacko (Business School) 3175, Randall Morck (University of Alberta) 2742 (spring term only), Luis Manuel Viceira (Business School) 3183, and Tuomo O. Vuolteenaho 3494
Half course (throughout the year). F., 12–1:30.
Participants discuss recent research in financial economics and present their own work in progress. Open to doctoral students in economics who have passed their oral examinations.

*Economics 3810chf. Research in Labor Economics
Catalog Number: 4066
Richard B. Freeman 4127, Claudia Goldin 2667, Caroline M. Hoxby 1235, and Lawrence F. Katz 1480
Half course (throughout the year). Th., 1:30–3.
Participants discuss recent research in labor economics and present their own work in progress. Open to doctoral students in economics who have passed their oral examinations.